Wednesday, May 4, 2016

November 1, 2014



November 1, 2014

Written by Maximus Peperkamp, M.S. Verbal Behaviorist

Dear Reader, 

 
When one engages in Sound Verbal Behavior (SVB), one knows one is learning something new. With every word uttered one realizes one is no longer the same, one is changing. Moreover, one says things one was incapable of saying.  SVB proves that it is possible to say things in new ways, which weren’t possible before. In SVB, one is capable of saying what one wasn’t capable of saying before. 


To learn about SVB, we must first know about the behavior that was already there: Noxious Verbal Behavior (NVB). Since NVB is opposed to SVB, it is as important to know about NVB as it is to know about SVB. The more one knows about NVB, the more one will find out about SVB. To learn about SVB, one must start with NVB. In other words, one must begin with what is already there, with what already could be there. NVB is the stepping stone to SVB. 


The NVB we first pay attention to is an innate behavior, which we have in common with other animals. However, NVB makes SVB possible. By understanding our ancient NVB, we get a sense of what our behavior is like without verbal learning. This involves an exploration of what life is like when language had not yet evolved. To learn about, evolutionary-speaking, new verbal behavior, we must go back to our nonverbal origins, to learning without words. We can talk about this!


Behavior of other nonverbal organisms becomes more tangible when we communicate once more as nonverbal creatures, with our attention focused on our nonverbal instead on verbal behavior. SVB is defined by this nonverbal focus. During SVB, we experience the emergence of the verbal from the nonverbal, because we listen to our words as sounds. In other words, in SVB we witness alignment of nonverbal and verbal behavior. During NVB, our attention is fixated on our verbal behavior and our nonverbal behavior doesn’t seem to exist. Denial of our nonverbal behavior is characteristic for NVB.


Once we differentiate between SVB and NVB, it becomes clear that we habitually engage in NVB and we only incidentally engage in SVB.  This recognition, that we engage most of the time in NVB and only occasionally in SVB, revives our ability to focus more often on our nonverbal behavior, on what we experience in our body while we speak. That being said, during SVB, nonverbal learning facilitates verbal learning. However, in NVB, in which what we say takes our attention away from how we say it, this nonverbal learning is made impossible. This is causing huge problems.  


Unless we know about the distinction as well as the connection between SVB and NVB, we are not yet truly verbal. In NVB our verbal behavior distances itself from our nonverbal behavior, whereas during SVB there is alignment of our verbal and our nonverbal behavior. Reading about SVB cannot bring about this alignment in our spoken communication and to fully understand that one has to talk about it. Only by talking can one begin to great differentiate between our understanding and our experiencing of SVB. As long as one tries to understand SVB, one actually prevents oneself from experiencing it. To experience it, one doesn’t first need to understand it, but rather, to understand it, one must first experience it. In SVB the nonverbal is more important than the verbal, but this doesn’t mean that we are not verbal in SVB.  To the contrary, in SVB we can be more verbal, because the connection between the nonverbal and the verbal is strengthened by how we speak. There’s nothing mysterious about SVB’s emphasis on the nonverbal. We make more sense while we speak if we built upon what existed before words were there. Another way of stating this is that our language comes out of wordlessness...out of silence....out of nothingness....out of meditation. 


SVB is the best way to talk about how learning actually works, because the interoceptive changes involved in this process are continuously expressed by how we speak. Due to NVB, the way of speaking with which we are all too familiar, we believe that it is impossible to precisely express what is felt inside our body while we speak. Once we engage in SVB, however, we always find our own words, our own rhythm, our own pace and our unique way of expressing what is going within our own skin, while we talk. Thus, during SVB, our verbal description of our nonverbal experience is tremendously improved, enhanced and perfected. In NVB, however, our verbal description of our nonverbal experience is fabricated and inaccurate because it is not even experienced. This doesn’t mean, however, that in NVB our nonverbal experience is no longer there. It is always there and if we don't pay attention to it, it is negatively effecting how we speak. Communicators who neglect, reject and misrepresent their own nonverbal experiences engage in NVB, which is abusive interaction. 


SVB teaches us under what conditions we are benefitted by our language. During SVB it is apparent what we do while we learn, since interaction increases  understanding. In SVB we feel appreciation, acceptance and respect for each other’s unique learning history. This then results into novel ways of expressing ourselves verbally as well as nonverbally. The fact that NVB doesn’t allow this energizing and delightful process, teaches us that NVB has to be stopped before any learning can begin. 


One can learn to use a computer without knowing how the inside of the computer looks or works, but one cannot learn to behave verbally without first knowing how one's nonverbal behavior works. We verbally misbehave, because we don’t notice, while we speak, how we behave non-verbally! The computer scientist knows how the inside of the computer works, but he or she also knows how to keyboard and how to use different programs. There is a difference between learning how to take the computer apart and putting it back together again and how to use a computer. This distinction between nonverbal and verbal learning doesn’t cause much trouble when we talk about inanimate things, such as computers, but, when it concerns the distinction between how we non-verbally learn  versus how we learn verbally, it is applied to spoken communication and things get easily mixed up. 


In our spoken communication, we again and again assume that we can do things, because we know them. We believe we know how spoken communication works, but since many things are not talked about they cannot be properly addressed. We may behave verbally, but this doesn’t mean that we are communicating. We may have learned how to speak and how to write and how to use words, but our verbal learning has taken precedence over our nonverbal learning. As a consequence, we are unable to recognize that similar things mean different things to different people. This discrepancy, between what we say and what we do, ties in with our verbal fixation. It can be observed that our attention during NVB goes mainly to our verbal behavior, but rarely if ever to our nonverbal behavior.


During SVB, our attention goes simultaneously to our verbal and to our nonverbal behavior. Our overemphasis on verbal behavior blinds us for how we behave non-verbally. Behaviorology, the natural science of human behavior, is only interested in observable and measurable variables. SVB is a scientific way of communicating. Verbal behavior is a bad starting point as long as even academics who are concerned with behaviorological properties of learning don’t realize that they, they like everyone else, mostly engage in NVB. The interaction between the verbalizer and the mediator is to be assessed from the mediator’s perspective. The mediator is always impacted by the nonverbal expression of the verbalizer, whose words will be better understood if the verbalizer’s nonverbal behavior is not aversively impacting the mediator. Thus, the  properties of SVB and NVB inform the verbalizer about what he or she does non-verbally to the mediator, while he or she speaks.  

Monday, May 2, 2016

October 31, 2014



October 31, 2014

Written by Maximus Peperkamp, M.S. Verbal Behaviorist

Dear Reader, 

 
Once the distinction has been made between Sound Verbal Behavior (SVB) and Noxious Verbal Behavior (NVB), it becomes apparent what communicators “get” or “avoid” by these diametrically opposing ways of communicating. NVB is to be categorized as a child’s acting out behavior, against which reactive measures will only make things worse. When we punish, while we talk, someone’s NVB, we only address the symptoms of the problem, but not the underlying negative emotions of which NVB is always function. Unless these negative feelings are addressed in such a manner that they decrease or disappear, SVB will be impossible. 


SVB makes us talk about other things than what we say and how we say it.  In other words, SVB helps us to look beyond the topography of our verbal behavior, with which we inevitably get stuck each time we engage in NVB. It is only during SVB that we can properly address the biological, social, affective and environmental variables that stimulate, shape and maintain our verbal behavior. Moreover, only SVB can lead us beyond the pathological symptoms that are created by NVB. As long as we remain trapped by these symptoms, as we most often unknowingly do, we are unable to attend to what is actually causing them. 


NVB is based on the Establishing Operation (EO), which makes us escape, avoid or want something.  Like a child that is acting out, NVB is a form of misbehaving. Problem behavior is inappropriate, but of what it is a function is not considered as inappropriate. For instance, a child’s temper tantrum, when he doesn’t want to do his homework, is considered to be inappropriate. The reason that this child throws a temper tantrum is to attract the attention from adults. If this happens, it distracts the attention from the homework. Thus, temper tantrums may be functionally related to not doing homework. Increased attention from adults could help solve the child’s acting out behavior. 


NVB, in which a verbalizer demands a mediator’s attention, is a function of the verbalizer's need for attention. During NVB adults speak in a childish manner. Only in SVB do communicators mature and acquire appropriate ways of asking the attention of others. The question of what our behavior is a function can address and solve a wide range of problems. SVB is a replacement behavior which serves the same function as NVB, the problem target behavior. We can replace NVB by SVB. 


Although everyone claims to be an expert on how human behavior works, SVB and NVB remain as of yet unknown to us because we are carried away by our own way of communicating. What we accomplish or cause is as unknown to us as what is actually causing us to behave the way we do. We think that talking is just talking and that opening a door is just opening a door, but it is not that simple. Just as opening a door may be caused by heat, which we seek to reduce by letting in fresh air, by wanting to enter our house, by going out or by letting someone in, verbal behavior can be a function of multiple antecedent and/or postcedent events. The opening of the door is the same and the movement of our mouth while we talk is the same, but why we open the door or why we open our mouth, is an entirely different matter. Not all mouth movements have the same purpose or are caused by the same antecedent stimuli.

   
If we want to be able to change the way in which we talk, we have to precisely describe it.  Just as there are different functional classes of verbal behavior, such as manding and tacting, there are also different stimulus classes. We must be very specific about the target behavior we try to change. Behavioral control can only be achieved if we know which independent variables impinge upon which dependent variable.  We can only come know what we are talking about if SVB and NVB are described in sufficient detail, that is, if they are defined by topography, function and environment in which they occur.


Behaviorology cautions us not to classify dissimilar events as similar. Our way of talking may look and sound similar, but it may be a function of something entirely different. Furthermore, we must know at what rate our target verbal behavior, which we are trying to change, is occurring. This poses a great challenge, because before we can measure baseline rates at which SVB and NVB are occurring, we must first know exactly what they look and sound like. Thus, two or more people must consistently agree that what they see and hear is reliably SVB or NVB. High inter-observer agreement has been known to exist about the SVB/NVB distinction. Once we are exposed to it, our experiences of SVB and NVB are unequivocal.

October 30, 2014



October 30, 2014

Written by Maximus Peperkamp, M.S. Verbal Behaviorist

Dear Reader, 

 
According to behaviorology, it is more important to define our Verbal Behavior response classes by their consequences then by their so-called topographies. No matter how much our verbal behavior may look and sound similar (e.g. Dutch or English), no matter that what we say as well as how we say it are related, these topographies or languages don’t inform us about the cause of our behavior and thus prevent us from changing and improving our way of communicating. 


The Sound Verbal Behavior (SVB) and Noxious Verbal Behavior (NVB) distinction is useful because it tells us of what these two response classes are a function. Since SVB and NVB focuses our attention on what we get or what we avoid by these two opposing ways of speaking, this distinction helps us explore and describe what is causing our verbal behavior. By differentiating between SVB and NVB, it becomes clear that it makes no sense for instance to claim that English is better than Dutch or that French is better than German. The inclination to think of our mother tongue as sounding better than other languages has prevented us from becoming more rational, because it kept us confined to an emotional way of communicating.  SVB is a more rational way of communicating than NVB. 


Once people are given the choice, they agree that SVB sounds better than NVB and they acknowledge that the difference between SVB and NVB can only be talked about while we are having SVB. NVB doesn’t allow this distinction to be talked about. SVB only occurs when we are feeling safe and at ease, but when we are feeling threatened or on guard, we are only capable of producing NVB. 


We don’t individually decide, but we have SVB or NVB together depending on what environment we are in. We are not able to understand how or why we communicate the way we do, because we are too busy with what we consider to be our own way of talking. Focus on content has prevented us from paying attention to the context in which we communicate. Attempts to describe context have failed, because we didn’t have nor were we able to create, the stable, safe laboratory environment in which our descriptions could become the explanations that predicted reliable outcomes. 

October 29, 2014



October 29, 2014

Written by Maximus Peperkamp, M.S. Verbal Behaviorist

Dear Reader, 

 
It has often come to this writer’s attention that people who criticize behaviorism, for the most part, don’t understand what they are talking about. In a similar way we hear many students who blame math for being too difficult. People say something about behaviorism without even having mastered its basics. The more vehemently they want to argue against behaviorism, the more they must know about it and when they bring up what they think they have learned, it is clear to those who really know about it, that they have learned anything, but have dropped out of the class. 


The fact that many people are put off by behaviorism doesn’t stop them from adhering to a contextual perspective. As far as they have taken note of the complexity of human behavior, they usually understand that something is fatally flawed with the common notion that individuals cause their own behavior. They actually agree with behaviorism’s contextual approach and they can’t resist the intellectually satisfying temptation to jump on the environmental bandwagon. 


However, their words can’t affect behavioral change. Words affect behavioral change only if they are uttered, repeatedly and deliberately, under the right circumstances. Written words don’t impact us in the same way as spoken words. This difference is apparent only when we talk about it, but it seems to magically disappear when we keep writing and reading.   


Given the high rates of Noxious Verbal Behavior (NVB) responding, it is clear that contingencies of reinforcement currently seldom reinforce Sound Verbal Behavior (SVB). Contingencies that maintain NVB neither stimulate nor support us in our exploration of how language actually works. The "language games" Wittgenstein (1953) wrote about must be talked about before more writing is going to make sense. Most writing doesn’t make sense because it is based on NVB. Only the writing which is based on SVB makes sense. Neither in spoken nor in written form does NVB make sense. SVB, however, makes sense in written and in spoken form because it bridges writing and speaking. NVB doesn’t make any sense because it separates and distances writing from speaking, but SVB connects these two.

October 28, 2014



October 28, 2014

Written by Maximus Peperkamp, M.S. Verbal Behaviorist

Dear Reader, 

 
Every day we now hear reports about the deadly Ebola virus. Like nothing else, this issue puts the conflict between those who know about science and those who don’t on the table. One can hear on TV how medical experts are trying to talk calmly, while news reporters yank them around with frightening hyped-up scenarios. This context provides a good illustration of Sound Verbal Behavior (SVB) and Noxious Verbal Behavior (NVB). One would hope that the cooler SVB heads prevail, but given the nefarious NVB reality we live in, it remains to be seen if educated medical personnel will be able to prevent the spread of Ebola in the United States. It was mentioned on the news that some possibly infected nurse, who had returned from working with Ebola victims, had now gone in hiding.


Those who are involved in NVB hide the fact that they don’t communicate. They are able to spread and perpetuate their falsehoods and their fabrications, because only a scientific account of how we communicate can stop them in their tracks. In absence of the knowledge about what is required to have SVB, we are unable to have it. It is like that with health as well. Without the necessary conditions to be healthy and without the knowledge about how to create these conditions, we will be unable to maintain our health and we are bound to make unhealthy decisions. 


To have SVB, it is needed that we communicate., but as we are conditioned by NVB, we don’t know what we are missing. We believe that we communicate, but we push each other around. We can begin to communicate by acknowledging that NVB is not communication. It is just like saying that Ebola is not caused by evil spirits. Effective treatment depends on scientific understanding of how to stop this virus, but superstition is not going help. NVB is not going to help and has never helped us. It has prevented us from solving our problems and it has only made our problems worse. Moreover, as SVB is going to eventually eradicate NVB, in the same way that science is going to eradicate Ebola virus, the superstitions that prevent this must be addressed and dissolved. SVB is the communication of health.